Wednesday, April 22, 2020
Sickle Cell free essay sample
Sickle cell disease is present usually in those of African or Mediterranean descent (Saladin 2007). About 1. 3% of African Americans have sickle cell (Saladin, 2007). Sickle cell was originated in Africa where malaria was killing a vast number of people (Saladin, 2007). The sickle cell hemoglobin is not able to be digested by the parasites that cause malaria, making those with sickle cell resistant to malaria (Saladin, 2007). This paper will discuss a normal erythrocyte compared to an erythrocyte affected with sickle cell. It will also talk about how to diagnose sickle cell disease. Erythrocytes are the most common element of blood, and they are formed in red bone marrow (Saladin 2007). Erythrocyte production is called erythropoiesis, and a typical cell lives for an average of 120 days (Saladin, 2007). Erythrocytes, better known as red blood cells, have two very important basic functions: to pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver to body, and to get carbon dioxide from the body and bring it to the lungs (Saladin, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle Cell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Red blood cells are circular with a sunken center (Saladin 2007). They are about 7. micrometers in diameter, and 2 micrometers at the rim (Saladin, 2007). Red blood cells differ from most cells in that they lose almost all organelles during development, including a nucleus and mitochondria (Saladin, 2007). Without mitochondria, red blood cells depend on anaerobic fermentation to produce energy (Saladin, 2007). Without a nucleus and DNA, red blood cells are also unable to perform protein synthesis and mitosis (Saladin, 2007). Glycoproteins and glycolipids are located on the plasma membrane of a mature red blood cell to establish the blood type of a person (Saladin, 2007). RBCââ¬â¢s get their sturdiness and flexibility from two cytoskeletal proteins located on the inner surface of the cell (Saladin, 2007). The red blood cells need these traits to pass through small blood capillaries and sinusoids, many of which are thinner than RBCs, and return to normal shape (Saladin, 2007). RBCââ¬â¢s get their red pigment from hemoglobin in the cytoplasm (Saladin, 2007). Hemoglobin contains four protein chains called globins, and two alpha and two beta chains (Saladin, 2007). Each chain is conjugated with heme group, which is what oxygen binds to in the center, up to four molecules of oxygen at a time (Saladin, 2007). Sickle cell disease is a disorder caused by a recessive allele that changes the construction of hemoglobin (Saladin, 2007). The difference from sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) and normal hemoglobin (HbA) is in the sixth amino acid of the beta chain (Saladin, 2007). Those who are homozygous for HbS exhibit sickle cell disease and those who are heterozygous for it have sickle cell trait but usually do not have severe symptoms (Saladin, 2007). If two carriers have children then the children have a 25% chance of having the disease (Saladin, 2007). A child who has sickle cell has a very small chance of surviving past the age of two years (Saladin, 2007). Even with the best of treatments, those with the disease usually do not live past the age of fifty years (Saladin, 2007). HbS does not bind oxygen very efficiently, and with low oxygen concentrations red blood cells become deoxygenated, polymerize, and they form a gel that causes them to become elongated and pointed at the ends (Saladin, 2007). Diseased red blood cells agglutinate and obstruct small blood vessels that cause intense pain in the tissues lacking oxygen (Saladin, 2007). These blockages may also lead to heart or kidney failure, rheumatism, stroke, or cause the victim to become paralyzed (Saladin, 2007). One of the tests for diagnosing sickle cell is the mechanical instability test (Yang et al. , 1992). This technique is executed by adding a concentrated solution of red blood cells into a tube with 0. 01 M sodium phosphate buffer (Yang et al. , 1992). The tube is then shaken or vertexed for a small amount time, where it is then examined for turbidity, representing the existence of HbS (Yang et al. , 1992). In conclusion, sickle cell disease is a deformation of red blood cells. It causes blockage of blood vessels. It affects mostly those of African or Mediterranean descent. This disease is hereditary and is not contagious.
Friday, April 17, 2020
How to Use an Essay Sample PDF
How to Use an Essay Sample PDFYou may be planning on starting an essay writing project and you may have a rough idea of what you want the outcome to be, but chances are you may not have a good essay sample PDF to use. This is important because this is a tool that will make sure your essay is well-written and contains plenty of useful, practical advice that your reader can apply to their life.It's also important to note that if you're doing any kind of research or even simply writing about something you know, you will need to have a well-written essay sample to use. The same goes for news articles that contain quotations from various different sources. One of the reasons why the research paper will be useful to look at is because you will be able to see the actual work that the source is doing.A lot of people tend to forget that all of these sources are written from different perspectives and therefore it is difficult to say which one is actually taking the actual paper seriously and which one is just trying to stir up trouble. By giving yourself a well-written and compelling essay sample PDF you will be able to be better able to judge and decide whether you should believe anything in it or not. It will help you to assess the validity of the information and help you decide whether you should trust your information.The information that you find inside a thesis or dissertation is meant to provide you with your own opinion and create a discussion around a particular topic. It is meant to guide you into creating a conclusion and then tell you how to present it in order to prove that you were right. This is the power of a good writing exercise, and it is why most people get tired of the same or similar arguments or essays. But if you allow yourself a well-written essay PDF that is able to support your argument you will be able to come up with something very convincing.Another thing that is going to be useful to look at is the subject of the paper. The types of ideas that you should focus on, the format that will best convey them, and even the writing styles are going to be things that you are going to want to consider before you start. You will need to think about whether you want to incorporate some kind of thesis statement or not, how you are going to talk about your ideas, and whether you are going to focus more on writing, graphics, or a combination of both.Finally, you will also want to take a look at what practical applications there are for the knowledge that you gain. Some readers will not understand the idea behind it and will see it as nothing more than a pile of knowledge that you wanted to collect for no reason. However, it may be possible for you to find applications that people use every day that can help you make your idea work.If you choose to do so, you may be able to find a very practical application for almost anything you can think of. So as you go through the essay sample PDF and think about the many possibilities, you will be able to think of ways that you can help someone or make your idea work. This is a valuable tool that can be very helpful in both your first year of college or at your business in general.Writing is a skill that can be developed as the writer works at it. The power of the writing exercise is to give you a simple and easy way to be able to see what you are doing right and what you are doing wrong. This will help you increase your own writing skills and make you a better writer in the process.
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